Insect Resistance Management in Agricultural Ecosystems

Insect resistance management is essential for maintaining effective and sustainable crop protection in agricultural ecosystems. Repeated and inappropriate use of insecticides can select resistant insect populations, reducing control effectiveness and increasing production costs and environmental risks. Resistance may develop through target-site modification, enhanced metabolic detoxification, reduced insecticide penetration, and behavioural changes. Effective management requires an integrated approach combining regular pest monitoring, economic thresholds, insecticide mode-of-action rotation, appropriate application practices, biological control, host plant resistance, crop diversification, and cultural management. Conservation of predators and parasitoids can reduce pest pressure and dependence on chemical control. Modern approaches, including molecular diagnostics, genomic surveillance, artificial intelligence, precision agriculture, and RNA-based technologies, provide additional opportunities for early detection and resistance management. Coordinated efforts among farmers, researchers, extension workers, and industry are essential for preserving insecticide effectiveness and ensuring resilient agricultural production.